Old State Capitol | Springfield

The Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, is a historic and architecturally significant building that played a central role in Illinois’ political and social history during the mid-19th century. It is best known as the seat of Illinois government from 1839 to 1876 and as the site of important moments in Abraham Lincoln’s career, making it a key destination for visitors interested in Lincoln and American history.

Historical Background

Construction and Architecture:
The Old State Capitol was designed by architect John F. Rague in the Greek Revival style, popular in the United States during the 19th century as a symbol of democracy and classical ideals. Construction began in 1837 and continued in phases, with the building completed in 1853. The structure is notable for its large dome, classical columns, and grand staircases, all built using locally quarried limestone from Sugar Creek, Illinois.

Political Role:
For nearly four decades, it was the hub of Illinois state government, housing the Governor’s office, the legislature, and the Supreme Court of Illinois. It was in this building that Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous "House Divided" speech on June 16, 1858, during his campaign for the U.S. Senate against Stephen A. Douglas. This speech laid out Lincoln’s opposition to the expansion of slavery and helped to define his political philosophy.

Lincoln’s Connection:
Besides his speeches, Lincoln frequently visited the building as a lawyer arguing cases in the Supreme Court chamber. The Old State Capitol was the place where Lincoln’s political career matured, and it is often regarded as one of the most important landmarks connected to his life.

Later Use and Restoration:
After the state government moved to a new capitol building in 1876, the Old State Capitol served as the Sangamon County Courthouse for several decades. Over time, it underwent various alterations that obscured much of its original design. In the mid-20th century, the state undertook an extensive restoration project to return the building to its 1860 appearance — the year Lincoln last saw it as a statehouse — restoring architectural details, furnishings, and decor to reflect its historic significance.

Architectural and Interior Highlights

Greek Revival Style:
The building’s design embodies the Greek Revival style, characterized by its symmetrical shape, bold columns, and pediments. The dome, a prominent feature, was rebuilt during restoration to mirror the original structure.

Supreme Courtroom:
The courtroom where Lincoln argued cases has been meticulously restored and features original courtroom furniture and historic architectural details. This room is a focal point for visitors to understand Lincoln’s legal work.

Legislative Chambers:
The Senate and House chambers are also restored to reflect their 19th-century condition. These rooms provide insight into the legislative process of the time and the political atmosphere Lincoln experienced.

Governor’s Office:
The building includes a recreated Governor’s office that showcases period furnishings and artifacts.

Rotunda and Grand Staircase:
The central rotunda with its stained-glass dome and the sweeping grand staircase evoke the grandeur of 19th-century civic architecture.

Visitor Experience

Tours:
Visitors can explore the Old State Capitol through self-guided tours or scheduled guided tours. Docents provide historical context, share stories about Lincoln’s visits and speeches, and explain the architectural features of the building.

Interpretive Exhibits:
The site features exhibits about Illinois political history, Lincoln’s career, and the building’s restoration. Interactive displays help visitors engage with the era’s issues, including debates over slavery and state governance.

Living History and Special Events:
The site frequently hosts reenactments of Lincoln’s speeches, period-themed living history programs, and special events such as the "History Comes Alive" summer series. These events enhance visitor understanding of the cultural and political climate of Lincoln’s time.

Practical Information for Visitors

Location:
The Old State Capitol is located at One Old State Capitol Plaza, Springfield, Illinois 62701, in the city’s historic district. It is within easy walking distance of other key historic sites related to Lincoln.

Hours:
The site is open Tuesday through Saturday from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. It is closed on major holidays such as New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.

Admission:
Admission is affordable with general adult tickets costing $5. Children under 18 pay $2. Some special tours may have additional fees, but many areas are accessible through the regular admission.

Accessibility:
The building is fully accessible to visitors with disabilities, with wheelchair access, elevators, accessible restrooms, and assistive services available by request. The site provides Braille signage, tactile exhibits, and can arrange sign language interpretation with advance notice.

Parking:
An underground parking garage is located beneath the Old State Capitol with entrance on Sixth Street between Adams and Washington Streets. The garage is open Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM, with parking rates at $1.50 per 30 minutes. Metered street parking is also available nearby.

Educational and Community Programs

The Old State Capitol serves as a center for educational outreach, offering programs tailored to school groups, families, and adults. These include:

Guided tours with historical interpretation.

Living history presentations where actors portray historical figures and recreate events.

Workshops and lectures on Illinois history, Lincoln’s legacy, and 19th-century politics.

Special events tied to Lincoln’s birthday, Illinois statehood celebrations, and other significant anniversaries.

Summary

The Old State Capitol is much more than a historic building; it is a vibrant educational site that brings to life the era of Abraham Lincoln and the early years of Illinois statehood. Its restored architecture, authentic courtroom, and immersive programs offer visitors a direct connection to the political and social struggles that shaped Lincoln’s career and the nation’s history. It stands as a powerful symbol of democracy, justice, and the enduring legacy of Abraham Lincoln.