Lycian Rock Tombs | Fethiye

The Lycian Rock Tombs are one of the most fascinating and unique ancient landmarks in Turkey. They are carved into the cliffs and rock faces of the Lycian region, which spans the southwestern coast of Turkey, including parts of modern-day Antalya and Muğla provinces. These tombs, created by the ancient Lycian civilization, are remarkable examples of funerary architecture and provide a glimpse into the religious beliefs and cultural practices of the Lycians.

Overview of Lycian Rock Tombs:

Location: The Lycian Rock Tombs are primarily found in the Lycian cities of Fethiye, Dalyan, Myra, and Xanthos, as well as in smaller sites throughout the region. The most famous tombs can be seen in Fethiye (Amyntas Rock Tombs), Dalyan (Kaunos Rock Tombs), and Myra (Demre).

Historical Background: The Lycians were an ancient civilization that inhabited the region of Lycia in southwestern Anatolia, from around the 15th century BCE. They were known for their distinct culture, which was a blend of Greek, Persian, and local Anatolian influences. The Lycians were skilled in the arts, architecture, and shipbuilding, and their funerary architecture is among the most remarkable legacies left by the civilization.

Purpose of the Tombs: The tombs were constructed to house the remains of the wealthy and influential members of Lycian society, including royalty, noblemen, and military leaders. The tombs were often built in prominent locations, such as cliff faces or high up in mountains, to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' safe journey to the afterlife.

Key Features of the Lycian Rock Tombs:

Architectural Style:

The Lycian Rock Tombs are typically carved into sheer rock cliffs and designed to resemble small temples, with intricate facades that include columns, pediments, and decorative elements such as reliefs and carvings. The facades of the tombs often feature imposing doorways and gabled roofs, resembling the architectural styles of the Greek temples and Palace of the Kings.

Some tombs were built as single chambers, while others are multi-chambered tombs, designed to accommodate the remains of multiple individuals.

Many tombs are adorned with symbolic carvings that include motifs of animals, gods, and heroes, which were thought to help protect the deceased in the afterlife.

Construction and Engineering:

The tombs were carved directly into the rock faces using simple tools, and the facades were often highly detailed, with decorative friezes and inscriptions in the Lycian script. The Lycians used their expertise in stone carving to create these tombs with remarkable precision, even considering the high altitude and challenging locations.

Inside the tombs, burial chambers were often hollowed out of the rock, and the remains of the deceased were placed inside stone sarcophagi or stone coffins.

The rock tombs were often located in strategic and visible spots, such as cliffs overlooking towns or valleys, and some tombs are even found in the midst of ancient city ruins.

Famous Lycian Rock Tombs:

Amyntas Rock Tombs (Fethiye): Located in Fethiye, the Amyntas Rock Tombs are perhaps the most famous of all Lycian tombs. These tombs are carved into the cliffs overlooking the modern-day town and are particularly known for their elaborate facades and well-preserved carvings. The largest of the tombs has a grand, temple-like structure, with a steep staircase leading to the entrance.

Kaunos Rock Tombs (Dalyan): These tombs, located in the ancient city of Kaunos near Dalyan, are carved into the cliffs on the opposite bank of the Dalyan River. The tombs are situated above the modern-day town of Dalyan and are one of the most striking examples of Lycian tomb architecture.

Myra Rock Tombs (Demre): The rock tombs of Myra, near the town of Demre, are another well-known example of Lycian tomb architecture. These tombs are carved into the cliffs above the ancient Myra Theatre, and they have a distinctive face-shaped design. The St. Nicholas Church is also located near Myra, adding historical and religious significance to the site.

Xanthos Rock Tombs: The ancient city of Xanthos, which was once the capital of Lycia, also features several rock tombs. These tombs are notable for their huge size and massive stone carvings. Some tombs are simple in design, while others have highly detailed facades.

Inscriptions and Artifacts:

Many of the Lycian tombs are adorned with inscriptions in the ancient Lycian script, which remains one of the most intriguing aspects of these tombs. Some tombs even include Greek and Persian inscriptions, reflecting the cultural influences that affected the region.

In addition to the carvings and inscriptions, many of the tombs contained grave goods and artifacts, such as pottery, jewelry, and weapons, which were intended to accompany the deceased in the afterlife.

Visiting the Lycian Rock Tombs:

Accessibility: Many of the tombs are accessible via short hikes or boat trips, especially in places like Fethiye, Dalyan, and Demre. Some tombs can be accessed by climbing up to the cliffs or by walking along well-maintained paths. Many visitors choose to take guided tours to better understand the historical context and significance of these structures.

Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit the Lycian Rock Tombs is in the spring or fall, as the weather is mild, making hiking and sightseeing more enjoyable. Summer months can be hot, especially for hikes to the tombs.

Nearby Attractions: The Lycian Rock Tombs are often located near other important archaeological and natural sites, including ancient theaters, temples, and beaches. Visitors to the tombs can also enjoy the nearby attractions, such as the Ölüdeniz Beach, Patara Beach, and the ancient cities of Xanthos and Lycian ruins.

Cultural Significance:

The Lycian Rock Tombs provide crucial insight into the religion, art, and social structure of the Lycian civilization. The tombs demonstrate the Lycian belief in the afterlife, as well as their high level of craftsmanship and engineering. They reflect the Lycian people’s connection to both nature and the divine, and their desire to honor their deceased in grand and lasting ways. The rock tombs also reveal the mix of cultural influences in the Lycian region, as the tombs often show both Greek and Persian influences alongside local Anatolian traditions.

Conclusion:

The Lycian Rock Tombs stand as a testament to the creativity, engineering, and cultural richness of the ancient Lycian civilization. These rock-hewn structures, with their grand facades, intricate carvings, and breathtaking locations, offer a glimpse into the past and remain one of Turkey's most fascinating ancient landmarks. Whether you are interested in history, architecture, or nature, the Lycian Rock Tombs are a must-see destination for anyone traveling through the southwest of Turkey.