Sultanahmet Square | Istanbul

Sultanahmet Square (Turkish: Sultanahmet Meydanı) is one of the most historically significant and visually stunning public spaces in Istanbul, situated in the heart of the city’s historic peninsula. It is the central hub for many of Istanbul's iconic landmarks, including the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque (Sultanahmet Mosque), Basilica Cistern, and Topkapi Palace. Sultanahmet Square offers a unique blend of ancient history, religious significance, and cultural heritage, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring Istanbul.

Historical Background

Sultanahmet Square has been a central gathering place for centuries and has witnessed the rise and fall of empires, from the Roman and Byzantine eras to the Ottoman Empire and the modern Republic of Turkey. The square was once part of the grand Hippodrome (ancient racetrack) during the Byzantine period, which was used for chariot races, public ceremonies, and other events.

Roman and Byzantine Period: The Hippodrome was a massive structure, one of the largest chariot race tracks in the Roman Empire. Today, remnants of the Hippodrome can still be seen around Sultanahmet Square, including the Obelisk of Theodosius, Serpentine Column, and the Walled Obelisk, all of which were originally placed in the Hippodrome during the Byzantine Empire.

Ottoman Period: After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the square became the center of Ottoman Istanbul, with the construction of landmarks like the Blue Mosque and Topkapi Palace. The square maintained its status as the center of Istanbul’s political, social, and religious life throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Era: Today, Sultanahmet Square is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul. It continues to be one of the most visited tourist destinations in the city, attracting millions of visitors annually.

Key Landmarks in Sultanahmet Square

Sultanahmet Square is home to some of Istanbul's most iconic historical and architectural landmarks. Here's a guide to the must-see sites around the square:

1. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)

History: Originally built as a church by Emperor Justinian I in 537 AD during the Byzantine Empire, Hagia Sophia was later converted into a mosque by the Ottomans in 1453 after the conquest of Constantinople. In 1935, it became a museum, but in 2020, it was converted back into a mosque. The Hagia Sophia is a stunning example of Byzantine architecture, with its massive dome, exquisite mosaics, and grand scale.

Significance: It has been a major symbol of religious and architectural heritage, blending Christian and Islamic elements. Its mosaics of Christ and the Virgin Mary, alongside Islamic calligraphy, reflect the diverse history of the building.

2. Blue Mosque (Sultanahmet Mosque)

History: Built between 1609 and 1616 during the reign of Sultan Ahmet I, the Blue Mosque is one of Istanbul's most famous landmarks. It gets its name from the striking blue tiles that adorn its interior.

Architecture: The mosque features a grand dome and a series of semi-domes, creating a vast, open, and airy interior. The mosque is an active place of worship, so visitors should dress modestly.

Significance: The Blue Mosque is a major symbol of Ottoman architecture, known for its elegance and the balance between its architectural features. It also has a large courtyard and six minarets, which are a rare feature for a mosque of this period.

3. The Hippodrome (At Meydanı)

History: The Hippodrome of Constantinople was a vast chariot-racing stadium and public gathering place during the Byzantine era. Although most of the original structure is no longer standing, the Hippodrome was the central arena for public events, races, and ceremonies in the Byzantine period.

Remnants: Several monuments from the Hippodrome can still be seen today in Sultanahmet Square:

Obelisk of Theodosius: Originally from Egypt, this granite obelisk was brought to Constantinople by Emperor Theodosius I in 390 AD. It stands as one of the most important relics of the Byzantine era.

Serpentine Column: This ancient Greek column, made of three entwined serpents, was originally erected in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi in the 5th century BC and was later brought to Constantinople by Emperor Constantine.

Walled Obelisk: Made of masonry rather than stone, this obelisk dates back to the 10th century and was erected by Emperor Constantine VII in honor of his military victories.

4. Topkapi Palace

History: The Topkapi Palace was the official residence and administrative center of the Ottoman sultans for over 400 years. Constructed starting in 1459, it served as both a royal residence and a hub of Ottoman power until the 19th century.

Significance: The palace is a treasure trove of Ottoman history and artifacts, with rich displays of imperial costumes, ceramics, jewels, and historical manuscripts. One of the most notable exhibits is the Harem, the private quarters of the sultan and his family.

Architecture: Topkapi Palace is a sprawling complex with several courtyards, gardens, and pavilions, offering a peek into the life and luxuries of the Ottoman Empire.

5. Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnıcı)

History: The Basilica Cistern is one of the largest underground water reservoirs built during the Byzantine period (around 532 AD). It was constructed by Emperor Justinian I to provide water to the Great Palace of Constantinople.

Significance: The cistern’s awe-inspiring interior is supported by 336 columns, with a depth of 9 meters (30 feet). The atmosphere is mystical, with dim lighting, pools of water, and classical music echoing through the space.

Medusa Heads: Two columns in the cistern are adorned with Medusa heads, which are said to have been repurposed from earlier structures, adding to the mystique of this ancient site.

The Atmosphere of Sultanahmet Square

Sultanahmet Square is a lively place filled with both locals and tourists. Here’s what to expect:

Religious Significance: Given that the Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia are active places of worship, there is a reverent and respectful atmosphere around the square, especially during prayer times. The call to prayer resonates throughout the square, adding to the spiritual ambiance.

Cultural and Tourist Hub: The square is a focal point for tourists exploring Istanbul’s rich history. It is common to see large groups of visitors admiring the architectural wonders, taking photographs, and attending guided tours. Street vendors and traditional Turkish ice cream sellers are also commonly found in the square, adding to its lively, tourist-friendly atmosphere.

Public Events and Festivals: Sultanahmet Square hosts various public events, cultural festivals, and celebrations, particularly on national holidays. The square is also a popular location for protests and political demonstrations, as it holds significant cultural and historical importance.

Nearby Attractions

In addition to the landmarks within the square itself, there are many attractions in the surrounding area worth exploring:

Süleymaniye Mosque: Located a short distance from Sultanahmet, this grand mosque was built by Süleyman the Magnificent and is one of the finest examples of Ottoman architecture.

Grand Bazaar: A short walk or tram ride from Sultanahmet, the Grand Bazaar is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, with thousands of shops selling everything from spices and textiles to jewelry and souvenirs.

Galata Bridge: A bridge connecting the Old City to the Galata and Beyoğlu districts, where you can explore Istanbul’s waterfront, fishing boats, and seafood restaurants.

Final Thoughts

Sultanahmet Square is the historical heart of Istanbul, offering visitors the chance to step back in time and explore some of the most important architectural and cultural landmarks in the world. Whether you are interested in history, architecture, religion, or simply enjoying the bustling atmosphere, Sultanahmet Square is a must-see destination for anyone visiting Istanbul.