Gyeongju | South Korea

Gyeongju – The Ancient Capital of the Silla Dynasty

Gyeongju, often referred to as the "museum without walls," is a historic city located in the southeastern part of South Korea. It was the capital of the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE – 935 CE), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and it is rich in cultural heritage and historical sites. Known for its stunning temples, tombs, and palaces, Gyeongju offers visitors a deep dive into ancient Korean history and Buddhist culture. Today, it is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, home to numerous significant landmarks.

Geography

Gyeongju is situated in the Gyeongsangbuk-do Province and lies about 370 kilometers (230 miles) southeast of Seoul. The city is nestled between the Baeje Mountains to the north and the Nakdong River to the south. Its location is strategically positioned with easy access to the East Sea (Sea of Japan) and serves as a connecting point to other important cities like Busan. The terrain around Gyeongju is predominantly mountainous, with lush valleys and ancient temples set against a backdrop of natural beauty.

History

Gyeongju's history is deeply intertwined with the legacy of the Silla Kingdom, which lasted for nearly a thousand years. During this time, Gyeongju flourished as a political, cultural, and religious center.

• Silla Kingdom (57 BCE - 935 CE): Gyeongju was the capital of the Silla Kingdom, which is famous for its unification of the Korean Peninsula under one rule in 668 CE. The city's legacy as a royal capital is reflected in its architectural landmarks, royal tombs, and Buddhist artifacts.
• Cultural and Technological Achievements: Under Silla, Gyeongju became an important cultural hub for art, literature, and religious life, fostering the development of Buddhism, metalworking, and craftsmanship. Gyeongju was also known for its gold craftsmanship, with the most famous examples being found in the royal tombs.
• After Silla’s Fall: After the fall of the Silla Kingdom, Gyeongju remained a key city during the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties, though its role gradually declined in political importance. Nonetheless, it retained its cultural significance, especially in terms of Buddhist heritage and historical preservation.

Top Attractions

1. Bulguksa Temple (불국사)

• Bulguksa Temple is one of South Korea’s most significant Buddhist temples and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Built in the 8th century during the Silla Dynasty, the temple is renowned for its stunning architecture, intricate carvings, and peaceful atmosphere.
• The temple is home to two important national treasures: the Dabotap and Seokgatap pagodas, which are celebrated for their exquisite design. Bulguksa also features beautifully landscaped grounds and serene walking paths, ideal for spiritual reflection and relaxation.

2. Seokguram Grotto (석굴암)

• Located near Bulguksa, Seokguram Grotto is a cave temple that houses a large stone statue of Buddha. It is regarded as a masterpiece of Buddhist art and architecture from the Silla period. The grotto was constructed using granite, and the statue of Buddha is framed by intricate carvings, creating a harmonious spiritual and artistic atmosphere.
• This site, also a UNESCO World Heritage site, provides visitors with an insight into the spiritual and artistic achievements of the Silla Kingdom.

3. Tumuli Park (대릉원)

• Tumuli Park is home to several ancient royal tombs from the Silla Dynasty. The tombs, which are shaped like large mounds of earth, are the burial sites of Silla kings and their families.
• The Daereungwon Tomb Complex within the park contains some of the most famous tombs, including the tomb of King Michu and the Cheonmachong Tomb (the "Heavenly Horse Tomb"), which contained a beautiful collection of gold artifacts, including a golden crown and painted wooden horse.
• Visitors can walk among the tombs and explore the fascinating history and culture of the Silla aristocracy.

4. Anapji Pond (안압지)

• Anapji Pond, also known as Donggung Palace, is a beautiful, artificially constructed pond that was part of the Silla royal palace complex. The pond is surrounded by landscaped gardens, and its reflection of the ancient buildings creates a picturesque and serene scene, especially at sunset.
• The pond is an important site that showcases the sophisticated water engineering and aesthetic sensibilities of the Silla aristocracy. The nighttime illumination of the pond and surrounding area adds to its charm.

5. Gyeongju National Museum (경주국립박물관)

• The Gyeongju National Museum houses a vast collection of Silla-era artifacts, including ceramics, sculptures, jewelry, and royal relics. The museum is an excellent place to learn about the cultural and historical significance of Gyeongju and its role as the capital of the Silla Kingdom.
• The museum's Exhibition Hall features golden crowns, swords, and Buddhist statues, offering visitors a glimpse into the luxurious and spiritual lives of the Silla nobility.

6. Cheomseongdae Observatory (첨성대)

• Cheomseongdae is an ancient astronomical observatory, and one of the oldest extant observatories in East Asia. It was used during the Silla Dynasty to study the stars and track celestial events. The structure itself is a tall, cylindrical stone tower built in the 7th century.
• The observatory is particularly interesting for its unique design and its historical role in helping the Silla Kingdom make advances in astronomy and science.

7. Gyeongju Historic Areas

• The Gyeongju Historic Areas include a variety of temples, palaces, tombs, and shrines scattered throughout the city. Many of these areas are listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites and are important remnants of the Silla Kingdom. The historic sites offer a fascinating exploration of the Silla period’s cultural and religious influences.

Gyeongju Cuisine

Gyeongju’s cuisine reflects both its historical significance and its local agriculture. The city's dishes are often based on fresh ingredients like fish, rice, and vegetables, and they are imbued with traditional flavors.

Must-Try Dishes

• Gyeongju Bread (경주빵): A famous local snack that consists of soft bread filled with red bean paste. It is often enjoyed as a sweet treat or souvenir.
• Ssambap (쌈밥): Ssambap involves wrapping rice and side dishes in lettuce leaves and eating them in one bite. It’s a simple yet delicious dish that allows you to enjoy a variety of flavors in a single bite.
• Gyeongju’s Hwangnam Bread: A traditional Korean pastry filled with sweet red bean paste, known for its crispy exterior and sweet, soft interior.
• Gyeongju-style Bulgogi: A unique twist on the traditional bulgogi dish, where marinated beef is grilled and served with various side dishes, often featuring a slightly sweet flavor.

Climate

Gyeongju experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasons:

• Spring (March to May): A pleasant time to visit with mild temperatures and cherry blossoms in bloom.
• Summer (June to August): Hot and humid, with occasional rainfall. It’s a busy tourist season, especially around the Bulguksa Temple and Anapji Pond.
• Autumn (September to November): One of the best times to visit Gyeongju, with cooler temperatures and vibrant fall foliage in the ancient parks and temples.
• Winter (December to February): Cold and dry, with occasional snow, making it a quieter season to visit.

Conclusion

Gyeongju is a treasure trove of historical and cultural heritage, showcasing the legacy of the Silla Dynasty in every corner of the city. From ancient temples like Bulguksa and Seokguram to the royal tombs and beautiful parks, Gyeongju offers an immersive journey through Korea's past. Its serene landscapes, rich history, and distinctive cuisine make it a must-visit for anyone interested in exploring the deep cultural roots of South Korea.