Ephesus Ancient City | Izmir

Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Ephesos; Turkish: Efes) is one of the most spectacular and well-preserved ancient cities in the world. Located near the modern town of Selçuk in İzmir Province, western Turkey, it was one of the greatest cities of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, famous for its monumental architecture, cultural richness, and its significance in early Christianity.

Here is a detailed exploration of Ephesus:

Historical Overview

Origins and Early History

The city’s origins date back to the 10th century BCE, founded by Ionian Greeks on the site of an earlier settlement.

According to legend, Ephesus was founded by the Amazons and later by Androklos, son of the Athenian king Kodros.

It grew as a major Ionian port city and religious center dedicated to Artemis, the goddess of hunting and fertility.

Classical and Hellenistic Periods

Ephesus flourished under Persian and later Hellenistic rule after being liberated by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE.

During the Hellenistic era, the city was redesigned by Lysimachus, one of Alexander’s generals, who moved it to its current location and built its walls.

Roman Period (129 BCE – 4th century CE)

Under Roman rule, Ephesus became the capital of the Roman province of Asia and reached its zenith in wealth and population (over 250,000 people).

It became an important commercial, religious, and political center.

Byzantine and Later Periods

The city declined after repeated earthquakes, the harbor silting up, and Arab invasions.

By the 15th century, the city was completely abandoned.

Major Monuments and Structures

1. Library of Celsus

Built in 117 CE by Gaius Julius Aquila in honor of his father, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, a Roman governor.

Held over 12,000 scrolls, making it one of the most important ancient libraries.

Its two-story façade with Corinthian columns is one of the most photographed ruins in the world.

2. Great Theatre

Originally built during the Hellenistic period and later expanded by the Romans.

Could seat over 25,000 spectators.

Used for drama performances and gladiator fights; later used for public meetings and even early Christian preaching (Saint Paul gave sermons here).

3. Temple of Artemis

One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Only a few columns and foundation stones remain, but it was once a grand temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis (known as Diana by the Romans).

Its cult was central to the city's identity for centuries.

4. Curetes Street

Main thoroughfare connecting the Library of Celsus to the upper part of the city.

Lined with statues, fountains, shops, and houses, it was a bustling street for commerce and ceremonies.

5. Terrace Houses

Luxurious Roman villas located on the slopes of Bülbül Mountain.

They feature well-preserved mosaics, frescoes, and floor heating systems, giving insights into wealthy Roman domestic life.

6. Agora

The commercial and political center of the city, where markets and administrative activities took place.

7. Temple of Hadrian

An ornately decorated temple built in honor of Emperor Hadrian.

Features reliefs depicting the mythological foundation of Ephesus.

8. Basilica of St. John

Built in the 6th century CE by Emperor Justinian on Ayasuluk Hill.

Believed to be the burial site of John the Apostle, making Ephesus an important site in Christian history.

Ephesus in Christianity

Ephesus holds a major place in early Christianity:

Paul the Apostle lived and preached in Ephesus for over two years (1st century CE).

The Epistle to the Ephesians in the New Testament is attributed to Paul.

Council of Ephesus (431 CE), an important ecumenical council, was held here.

Virgin Mary’s House, located on the nearby hills, is believed by some traditions to be her final residence and is a pilgrimage site.

Archaeological Importance

Ephesus has been under continuous excavation since the late 19th century, primarily by Austrian and Turkish archaeologists.

Only about 15-20% of the ancient city has been excavated so far.

Its preservation is remarkable due to its burial under earth and rubble for centuries.

Tourism and Modern Access

Ephesus is one of Turkey’s most visited archaeological sites.

Located about 3 km from Selçuk and about 70 km from İzmir, it is easily accessible by road.

The site offers well-marked walking routes, visitor centers, and guided tours.

Best visited during spring or autumn to avoid extreme summer heat.

Conclusion

Ephesus is not just a site of ancient ruins—it is a living museum of classical civilization, reflecting the spiritual, political, and artistic life of both pagan and early Christian worlds. Its grandeur and depth of history make it one of the most profound places to visit in the Mediterranean.