Joanina Library | Coimbra

The Joanina Library (Biblioteca Joanina) is one of the most iconic landmarks of the University of Coimbra, located in Coimbra, Portugal. This Baroque-style library is not only a treasure trove of historical knowledge but also an architectural masterpiece. It is renowned for its stunning design, rich history, and extensive collection of rare books and manuscripts. The library is a prominent part of the University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.

1. Historical Background

• Founding and Purpose: The Joanina Library was founded in the 18th century during the reign of King João V of Portugal. It was designed as a grand repository for the university's expanding collection of books and manuscripts. The library was officially opened in 1728, though it was initially housed in the University’s Royal Palace before being moved to its present location.
• Named After King João V: The library is named after King João V, who provided the royal patronage and funding for its construction. His reign marked a period of significant investment in the arts and culture in Portugal, and the Joanina Library is one of the enduring symbols of his cultural contributions.
• Baroque Architecture: The library was designed by architect Giovanni Marini in the Baroque style, characterized by its grandeur, symmetry, and use of light and space to create a sense of awe. The building is richly decorated, with gilded woodwork, intricate stuccoes, and beautiful frescoes on the ceilings.

2. Architectural Design

• Exterior: The exterior of the library is an impressive example of Baroque architecture. It features a grand façade with classical elements such as columns and pilasters, as well as an elegant entrance. The building is part of the university's Royal Palace complex, with its design complementing the other historic structures within the area.
• Interior: The interior of the library is equally spectacular, with high ceilings, intricate woodwork, and ornate gilded decorations. The walls are lined with shelves that hold thousands of ancient books and manuscripts. The main reading room is a particularly striking space, with its long rows of bookshelves, marble floors, and impressive frescoed ceilings. The architecture of the library is designed to inspire reverence and awe in those who enter, reflecting the importance of knowledge and learning.

3. The Collection

• Books and Manuscripts: The Joanina Library houses a collection of over 200,000 volumes, with a particular focus on historical, philosophical, and theological works. The library's collection includes rare and precious medieval manuscripts, early printed books, and a large number of incunabula (books printed before 1501). Many of the books are written in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and they reflect the university’s long history as a center of learning.
• Special Collections: Some of the most valuable parts of the collection include manuscripts from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as ancient books that cannot be found in other collections. The library has been continuously collecting and preserving books for more than three centuries, making it an invaluable resource for researchers and historians.
• Restoration: Over the centuries, the library’s collection has undergone numerous restoration efforts to preserve its books and manuscripts. Many of the early printed works are carefully maintained under controlled conditions to prevent deterioration.

4. Unique Features

• The Bats: One of the library’s most unusual features is the population of bats that reside in the library. The Joanina Library has been home to these bats for generations, and their presence is actually considered an important part of the library’s ecosystem. The bats are primarily present in the library's upper levels, where they live in the walls and ceiling spaces. They help maintain the library’s unique atmosphere by controlling the insect population that could otherwise damage the ancient manuscripts.
• The "Biblioteca Nova": The Biblioteca Nova, or New Library, is a more modern extension of the Joanina Library, providing additional space for the university’s growing collection. However, the historic Joanina Library remains the heart of the university’s library system and continues to be used for academic research and special events.

5. Visiting the Joanina Library

• Tourist Attraction: Today, the Joanina Library is open to the public and is one of the most visited sites in Coimbra. Visitors can take guided tours to learn about the history of the library, its architecture, and the significance of the collection. The library also hosts special exhibitions and events throughout the year, making it an important cultural and educational venue in Coimbra.
• Museum and Exhibitions: In addition to being a library, the Joanina Library is a museum that showcases the university's rich academic heritage. The library often hosts temporary exhibitions that focus on topics related to history, literature, and the sciences. These exhibitions provide further context to the university's role in the cultural and intellectual development of Portugal.
• Visitors’ Rules: Due to the fragility of the books and manuscripts, visitors are expected to adhere to strict rules when visiting the library. Photography is generally not allowed in the main reading room, and visitors must follow guidelines to protect the historical collection.

6. Educational and Cultural Impact

• Center for Scholarship: As one of the most important libraries in Portugal, the Joanina Library continues to play a central role in scholarly research. It is used by university students and researchers who study the rich collection of rare books and historical texts housed within its walls. The library is a major resource for academic work in the fields of history, literature, philosophy, and the humanities.
• Cultural Heritage: The Joanina Library is an essential part of Coimbra's cultural heritage, as it symbolizes the long academic and intellectual tradition of the University of Coimbra. It is a place where history, art, and knowledge converge, offering visitors a glimpse into the past and a connection to centuries of scholarship and learning.

7. Best Time to Visit

• Spring and Summer: The best time to visit the Joanina Library is during the spring and summer months, when the weather in Coimbra is pleasant, and the university's academic activities are in full swing. This is also when the library often hosts events and exhibitions.
• Off-Peak Visits: If you want to avoid large crowds, visiting in the autumn or winter months can be a good option. The library is still open to visitors year-round, and it offers a more peaceful atmosphere during these times.

8. Nearby Attractions

• University of Coimbra: The Joanina Library is located within the University of Coimbra, which is itself a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other must-see locations within the university complex include the University Tower, Royal Palace, and the Botanical Garden.
• Old Cathedral of Coimbra: Just a short walk from the university, the Sé Velha (Old Cathedral) is a beautiful Romanesque church that is one of the oldest and most significant monuments in Coimbra.
• Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha: Another historical site in Coimbra, the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha dates back to the 14th century and is an important part of the city's religious and cultural history.

Conclusion

The Joanina Library is a magnificent example of Baroque architecture and an invaluable cultural and academic treasure. With its stunning design, vast collection of rare books, and unique features like its resident bats, the library is a must-see destination for anyone visiting Coimbra. It is a symbol of the University of Coimbra's long-standing role in preserving and promoting knowledge and is a testament to the intellectual legacy of Portugal. Whether you're an architecture enthusiast, a history buff, or a lover of literature, the Joanina Library offers a fascinating glimpse into the past and the enduring importance of learning.