Medina of Essaouira | Essaouira

The Medina of Essaouira is one of Morocco’s most unique and atmospheric old towns, blending North African, European, and maritime influences. Located on the Atlantic coast, Essaouira’s medina is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, celebrated for its 18th-century fortified layout, whitewashed buildings with blue shutters, and rich artistic and cultural life.

Here’s a detailed look at the medina of Essaouira:

Historical Background

The medina was established in the 18th century by Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah, who wanted to create a modern port city to open Morocco to global trade.

Designed by European engineers (notably Théodore Cornut, a Frenchman), the city plan reflects European military architecture, particularly Vauban-style fortifications, fused with traditional Moroccan design.

The medina was historically a melting pot of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and traders from Europe, the Maghreb, and sub-Saharan Africa. This cultural diversity shaped the town’s architecture, craft traditions, and overall spirit.

Layout and Architecture

Unlike the twisting, organic alleys of Fes or Marrakech, Essaouira’s medina has a more grid-like layout with wide, straight streets—a rarity in Moroccan cities.

City walls (ramparts) surround the medina, built of reddish stone, with bastions and watchtowers facing the sea.

Main gates like Bab Doukkala and Bab Marrakech serve as entry points into the old town.

Inside, you’ll find:

Narrow residential streets lined with whitewashed buildings, often adorned with blue painted doors, windows, and ironwork.

Inner courtyards and riads, many converted into boutique guesthouses.

Hidden synagogues, old hammams, and craftsmen’s workshops.

Souks divided by specialty: spices, textiles, silver, and woodwork.

Souks and Artisanal Heritage

Essaouira’s medina is a center of art, music, and craftsmanship, famous for:

Thuya Wood Workshops

Unique to the region, thuya wood is used for boxes, furniture, and carvings. Artisans in the medina work in tiny ateliers, using traditional inlay and polishing techniques.

You can often see artisans working directly in front of their shops.

Jewelry and Silverwork

Historically made by Jewish artisans, Essaouira is known for delicate Berber and Andalusian silver jewelry, often sold in the Jewelry Souk near the Mellah (Jewish quarter).

Textiles and Fashion

Locally woven shawls, scarves, and carpets, as well as modern Moroccan designs by artists and fashion collectives.

Painting and Music

Essaouira has long attracted artists and bohemians. The medina is filled with art galleries, street murals, and musicians.

It’s the birthplace of Gnawa music, a mystical fusion of West African rhythms and Islamic Sufi traditions. You’ll often hear it in the medina, especially during the Gnawa World Music Festival each summer.

Cultural and Historical Highlights

Skala de la Ville

A scenic seaside rampart along the medina’s western edge, with cannons overlooking the Atlantic. Originally built to defend against European naval attacks.

Offers some of the best panoramic views in Essaouira—windy but atmospheric.

Mellah (Jewish Quarter)

Once home to a large Jewish population. Some synagogues have been restored, like Simon Attias Synagogue, now a cultural center and museum.

The Mellah is quieter and a bit less touristy, with many historical buildings.

Place Moulay Hassan

The main square just outside the medina, at the waterfront. Great for cafés, watching fishing boats, and observing local life.

Daily Life and Atmosphere

The medina has a relaxed and artistic vibe, in contrast to the hustle of other Moroccan cities.

Locals go about their daily routines—shopping for produce, socializing at cafés, and working in small workshops.

The wind (Essaouira is nicknamed the “Windy City of Africa”) adds a fresh, salty character to the air.

The town’s cat population is famously large and well cared for, often seen lounging around the medina.

Tips for Exploring

Wear layers: The Atlantic breeze keeps the weather cooler, especially in the evenings.

Get lost on purpose: The medina is safe and easy to navigate thanks to its grid system.

Don’t rush: Essaouira is more about atmosphere and rhythm than sightseeing checklists.

Photography: Early morning and late afternoon offer the best lighting on the walls and buildings.

The Medina of Essaouira is a place where history, the arts, and ocean air converge. With its bright façades, creative spirit, and tranquil energy, it offers a different Moroccan experience—less intense, more soulful, and deeply enriching for anyone who takes time to wander its charming streets.