Wilpattu National Park | Puttalam

Wilpattu National Park is one of the most famous and oldest national parks in Sri Lanka, located in the northwestern region of the island, in the Puttalam District. The park is known for its rich biodiversity, including a variety of wildlife and unique ecosystems, making it a significant natural reserve and a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts.

1. Overview

Location: Wilpattu National Park is situated about 30 kilometers from the town of Puttalam and approximately 180 kilometers north of Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. The park spans across an area of approximately 1,317 square kilometers, making it one of the largest national parks in Sri Lanka.

Established: The park was officially designated as a national park in 1983, although it had been a protected area long before that. It is one of Sri Lanka's earliest protected areas and is part of the dry zone ecosystem of the island.

2. Wildlife and Biodiversity

Wilpattu is renowned for its diverse range of species, both in terms of flora and fauna. The park is one of the best places in Sri Lanka to observe leopards, but it also supports a wide array of other wildlife.

Mammals:

• Sri Lankan Leopard: The park is famous for its population of Sri Lankan leopards (Panthera pardus kotiya), which are one of the island’s most iconic and endangered species. Wilpattu is one of the best places in Sri Lanka to spot leopards, as the park offers a relatively high chance of encountering these elusive big cats.
• Asian Elephant: Wilpattu is home to a large population of Asian elephants, which are frequently seen in the park, particularly in the dry season.
• Sloth Bear: The park also supports a population of sloth bears, another rare and protected species in Sri Lanka.
• Wild Boar, Spotted Deer, Water Buffalo, and other mammals: Other mammals found in the park include spotted deer, wild boar, sambar deer, water buffalo, mongoose, and jackal.

Birdlife:

Wilpattu is a paradise for birdwatchers, with over 200 species of birds recorded in the park. Some of the notable bird species include:

• Sri Lanka Junglefowl (the national bird of Sri Lanka)
• Ceylon Blue Magpie
• White-bellied Sea Eagle
• Painted Stork
• Waders and migratory birds (during the winter months)

Reptiles and Amphibians:

The park is also home to various reptiles and amphibians, including:

• Crocodiles (found in the park’s lakes and rivers)
• Monitor lizards
• Tortoises
• Venomous snakes like the Sri Lankan krait and cobra

3. Unique Features of Wilpattu

Willus (Natural Lakes):

One of the most distinctive features of Wilpattu National Park is its network of "willus"—natural, rain-fed lakes that are scattered across the park. These seasonal water bodies are the lifeblood of the park's ecosystem, providing water sources for wildlife, especially during the dry season. The willus are surrounded by lush vegetation, which attracts many species of animals and birds.

Dry Zone Ecosystem:

Wilpattu falls within Sri Lanka’s dry zone and has a mix of tropical dry forests and savannah grasslands. The park is characterized by dense scrub jungle, forest patches, and open grasslands, creating a diverse habitat for wildlife. Its unique topography and vegetation make it stand out from other national parks on the island.

4. Attractions and Activities

Safari Tours:

• Jeep safaris are the main way to explore Wilpattu National Park. These safaris give visitors a chance to observe the park's diverse wildlife in their natural habitat. The best time for a safari is in the early morning or late afternoon when animals are most active.
• Leopard Watching: Wilpattu is one of the best places to see the Sri Lankan leopard, with sightings often reported. The park is known for its leopard-rich environment, where the cats are typically found near the willus or open grasslands.

Birdwatching:

The park is a major birding destination, with migratory and resident species found in abundance. The wetlands and river systems make it a haven for various bird species, especially during migratory seasons (October to April).

Nature Trails and Hiking:

While Wilpattu is not known for extensive hiking trails, there are short nature walks available around the park's lakes and forested areas, where visitors can enjoy the beauty of the landscape and the chance to spot wildlife.

5. Visiting Wilpattu National Park

Entry Points: The park can be accessed from the main entrance near the Puttalam-Anuradhapura highway, with Mannar being another access point from the north.

Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit Wilpattu is during the dry season from May to September, when wildlife gathers around the water sources, making sightings more frequent. The wet season (October to April) can make the park less accessible, with many areas becoming flooded.

Accommodation: There are several guesthouses, eco-lodges, and hotels located around the park, especially in Mannar and Puttalam. Some lodges offer accommodations with proximity to the park, allowing easy access to safari tours.

Guided Tours: It is recommended to go on a guided safari with a licensed tour guide, as they have knowledge of the park's wildlife and can increase the chances of spotting elusive animals like the leopard.

6. Conservation Efforts and Challenges

Conservation Importance: Wilpattu National Park is an important area for the conservation of biodiversity in Sri Lanka. Its unique ecosystems provide crucial habitat for endemic species and threatened animals, including the Sri Lankan leopard and sloth bear.

Threats: Despite its protected status, the park faces threats from illegal poaching, deforestation, and encroachment by nearby communities. Additionally, wildlife trafficking and conflict with local communities can affect the park's conservation efforts.

Management: The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) in Sri Lanka manages the park. The DWC has been working to improve anti-poaching measures, enforce stricter regulations, and engage with the local community to ensure the long-term survival of the park’s ecosystems.

7. Conclusion

Wilpattu National Park is a must-visit destination for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts, offering a chance to experience Sri Lanka’s diverse wildlife in a stunning and relatively untouched natural setting. Its impressive array of species, particularly the elusive Sri Lankan leopard, combined with its serene landscapes and wetland habitats, makes it one of the top national parks in Sri Lanka. Whether you're a birdwatcher, a photographer, or simply a nature lover, Wilpattu offers a rich and rewarding experience.