Battle of Lexington State Historic Site | Kansas City

The Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, located in Lexington, Missouri, is a meticulously preserved area that commemorates the pivotal Battle of Lexington, also known as the “Battle of the Hemp Bales,” fought from September 13 to 20, 1861. This battle was one of the earliest and most remarkable engagements in the western theater of the American Civil War, notable for its unique military tactics and significant impact on control of Missouri during the conflict.

Historical Background and Importance

In the early months of the Civil War, Missouri was a divided border state with competing loyalties. The Union aimed to maintain control, while Confederate sympathizers, including the Missouri State Guard led by Major General Sterling Price, sought to assert dominance. The Union forces, commanded by Colonel James A. Mulligan, were stationed at the Masonic College in Lexington, a strategic position overlooking the Missouri River.

The siege began when Price’s much larger Confederate force surrounded the Union defenders, who numbered approximately 3,500. The Union troops were well entrenched but outnumbered nearly three to one. What sets this battle apart is the Confederate army’s ingenious use of hemp bales, which were abundant in the region due to Lexington’s prominence in hemp production. These hemp bales were soaked in water to prevent them from catching fire and then used as mobile breastworks, allowing Confederate soldiers to advance steadily under heavy Union fire.

This tactic enabled the Confederates to breach the Union defenses effectively, forcing Colonel Mulligan to surrender after a week-long siege. The battle was a morale booster for the Confederacy in Missouri and demonstrated the strategic significance of innovative battlefield tactics. It also had long-lasting implications for control of Missouri during the war.

The Anderson House

Central to the historic site is the Anderson House, built in 1853 by Oliver Anderson, a prominent Lexington citizen. The house served multiple critical roles during the battle. It was used as a hospital for wounded soldiers from both sides and became a focal point of combat, changing hands multiple times. The structure bears visible scars from the battle, including bullet holes and artillery damage, providing a tangible and authentic connection to the conflict.

Today, the Anderson House is meticulously preserved and interpreted to illustrate civilian and military life during the Civil War. It offers visitors the rare opportunity to step inside a building that witnessed direct combat and served as a refuge and medical center during the siege.

Visitor Center and Exhibits

The site’s Visitor Center complements the battlefield and Anderson House with extensive exhibits on the battle itself, the broader Civil War in Missouri, and the culture and history of the Missouri River Valley. Displays include artifacts, maps, period clothing, weapons, and multimedia presentations that provide comprehensive context.

A 20-minute video presentation offers a balanced overview of the battle from both Union and Confederate perspectives, highlighting personal stories and strategic decisions. The visitor center serves as a hub for education and orientation before guests explore the battlefield and historic structures.

Battlefield and Grounds

The historic site covers approximately 94.57 acres, encompassing key locations from the battle, including the Masonic College site (now a replica at nearby College Park), defensive lines, and the areas where the hemp bale tactic was employed. Self-guided walking trails allow visitors to visualize troop movements, understand the tactical challenges faced by both sides, and reflect on the intensity of the week-long siege.

Interpretive signage along the trails provides detailed information on the battle’s phases, commanders, and aftermath. Picnic areas and open green spaces create a welcoming environment for visitors to enjoy the scenic Missouri River Valley while engaging with history.

Educational Programs and Events

The Battle of Lexington State Historic Site offers a variety of educational programs and special events throughout the year. Guided tours of the Anderson House and battlefield provide in-depth insights into the battle and the daily lives of soldiers and civilians during the Civil War era.

Annual events include historical reenactments, living history demonstrations, and community fairs that celebrate Lexington’s heritage. For example, the site hosts nature programs like night hikes and demonstrations that connect visitors to the local environment and historical context.

Nearby Historical Attractions

Visitors can enhance their experience by exploring related historic sites in Lexington:

Masonic College Replica: Situated in College Park, this replica honors the original building that served as the Union defense position during the battle.

Lafayette County Courthouse: This historic building features a cannonball lodged in one of its columns, a physical reminder of the battle’s proximity and intensity.

Machpelah Cemetery: The final resting place for many soldiers who fought in the battle, offering a solemn site of remembrance.

Practical Information

Location: 1101 Delaware Street, Lexington, Missouri.

Hours: Open daily with hours varying seasonally; tours of the Anderson House are available Tuesday through Sunday in the summer, and by appointment in winter.

Admission: A modest fee is charged for tours; other areas of the site, including the battlefield trails, are open to the public.

Accessibility: The site is equipped to accommodate visitors with disabilities, ensuring an inclusive experience.

Summary

The Battle of Lexington State Historic Site is a richly detailed and carefully preserved historical area that vividly brings to life one of Missouri’s most notable Civil War battles. The site’s combination of authentic battlefield terrain, the historically scarred Anderson House, engaging exhibits, and immersive educational programs provides visitors with a comprehensive understanding of the conflict’s strategic, tactical, and human dimensions. Its unique focus on the innovative hemp bale tactic and the personal stories of soldiers and civilians makes it a significant destination for those seeking to explore Civil War history in the western United States.