Duke de Richelieu Monument | Odesa

Duke de Richelieu Monument — Detailed Overview

Historical Background
The monument commemorates Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, the 5th Duke de Richelieu (1766–1822), a French nobleman and statesman who played a vital role in the early development of Odesa. Appointed mayor in 1803 and later governor-general of the Novorossiysk Territory (which included Odesa) from 1803 to 1814, Richelieu is credited with transforming Odesa from a modest settlement into a bustling and prosperous port city on the Black Sea.

His leadership saw major urban reforms, including the establishment of municipal government, improvement of infrastructure, encouragement of commerce, and promotion of law and order. Under his guidance, Odesa rapidly grew into a significant economic and cultural hub, gaining the affection and respect of its citizens, who affectionately called him “our Duke.”

Creation of the Monument

Commission and Construction:
After Richelieu’s death in 1822, the people of Odesa raised funds to honor him with a monument. It was the city’s first public statue, symbolizing deep gratitude and recognition of his contributions.

Unveiling:
The monument was officially unveiled on April 22, 1828 (Julian calendar), which corresponds to May 4, 1828, in the Gregorian calendar.

Sculptor:
The monument was designed and sculpted by the celebrated Russian artist Ivan Martos, a leading figure in neoclassical sculpture known for his dignified and expressive works.

Monument Description and Symbolism

Statue:
The bronze statue depicts Duke de Richelieu dressed in a Roman toga, a classical artistic device symbolizing leadership, wisdom, and virtue. He is shown holding a scroll in his right hand, representing governance, law, and reform.

Pedestal:
The monument’s pedestal is made from pink granite sourced from the Southern Bug River, donated by local landowner Skarzhinsky. It has the form of a truncated pyramid with four granite steps leading to the statue.

Bas-Reliefs:
Surrounding the pedestal are three bronze bas-reliefs that symbolize the key areas Richelieu influenced in Odesa’s growth:

Agriculture: Representing the development of farming and rural economy supporting the city.

Trade: Symbolizing Odesa’s emergence as a major commercial port facilitating domestic and international trade.

Justice: Reflecting Richelieu’s efforts to establish law, order, and fair governance.

Inscriptions:
The front of the pedestal bears a gilded brass plaque honoring Richelieu’s achievements and his role in the city’s prosperity.

Cultural Significance and Local Traditions

Symbol of Odesa:
The Duke de Richelieu Monument is one of Odesa’s most iconic landmarks, representing the city’s foundation as a modern urban center and its cosmopolitan spirit.

Popular Traditions:
Locals and visitors often touch the sack of coins depicted in the bas-relief of Trade for good luck and prosperity. It is also customary for students to visit the statue before exams, seeking success and positive outcomes.

Historical Event:
During the Crimean War in 1854, a cannonball exploded near the monument, damaging the pedestal. The damage was repaired with a cast-iron patch that includes a stylized cannonball as a reminder of the city’s turbulent past.

Location and Accessibility

Situated:
The monument stands prominently at the top of the Potemkin Stairs, one of Odesa’s most famous landmarks, overlooking the Black Sea and the city’s bustling port.

Accessibility:
Easily reachable on foot from Odesa’s city center and major tourist routes, the monument is a frequent stop for visitors exploring the city’s historical and cultural sites.

Best Visiting Times:
The monument is accessible year-round, with spring and summer offering the most pleasant weather for sightseeing.

Nearby Attractions

Potemkin Stairs:
A monumental and symbolic staircase, offering sweeping views of the harbor and serving as a grand entrance to the city from the sea.

Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater:
Known for its opulent architecture and cultural performances, located within walking distance.

Primorsky Boulevard:
A historic promenade lined with gardens, fountains, and sculptures, perfect for leisurely walks with panoramic sea views.

Odesa City Garden:
A central green space featuring fountains and sculptures, providing a peaceful retreat in the city.

Summary

The Duke de Richelieu Monument stands as a lasting tribute to a leader whose vision and reforms shaped Odesa into a thriving port city and cultural center. Its neoclassical style, symbolic details, and prominent location at the Potemkin Stairs make it a must-see for visitors interested in Odesa’s history and heritage. The monument continues to inspire pride in the city’s residents and serves as a popular cultural icon.