Old Fort Jackson | Savannah

Old Fort Jackson is a historically significant coastal fortification located on the banks of the Savannah River, just about one mile east of downtown Savannah, Georgia. It is the oldest brick-built fort in Georgia and one of the best-preserved examples of early 19th-century military architecture in the United States. Constructed between 1808 and 1812, Old Fort Jackson was part of the United States' "Second System" of coastal defenses, designed to protect strategic ports and harbors from potential foreign naval threats, particularly during the War of 1812 and later conflicts.

Historical Background and Architectural Features

Old Fort Jackson was engineered by Captain William McRee, a graduate of West Point and an accomplished military engineer. Its construction was part of a nationwide effort to strengthen coastal defenses after vulnerabilities were exposed during the Revolutionary War and early American years. The fort’s design reflects the military architectural principles of the period, featuring a polygonal layout with thick brick walls built to withstand bombardment.

The fort's structure includes multiple casemates—vaulted chambers built within the fort's walls where cannons were positioned to fire through embrasures toward the river. There are six river-facing cannon positions, enabling the fort to defend the approach to Savannah via the Savannah River. The fort also includes powder magazines for storing gunpowder safely and a series of defensive earthworks and moats designed to repel infantry assaults.

One notable architectural innovation present at Old Fort Jackson was the use of brick masonry, which was more durable and resistant to cannon fire compared to earlier wooden structures. Over the years, the fort saw various modifications and upgrades, including improvements made in the 1840s to modernize its defenses in line with advances in artillery technology.

Role in American Conflicts

War of 1812: Old Fort Jackson was completed just as the War of 1812 was unfolding. Although it did not see significant combat during this war, its presence as a coastal defense was an important deterrent against British naval incursions into Savannah’s vital port.

Civil War: The fort gained renewed strategic importance during the American Civil War. Manned by Confederate forces, it was used to protect the city of Savannah and its river approaches. In December 1864, during General William Tecumseh Sherman’s famous "March to the Sea," Union forces captured Savannah, and Old Fort Jackson was briefly occupied by Union troops. This marked a significant moment as Savannah fell under Union control.

After the war, the fort was renamed Fort Oglethorpe in 1885 but was later restored to its original name, Old Fort Jackson, in 1906, reflecting its historical heritage.

Present-Day Function and Visitor Experience

Today, Old Fort Jackson is operated by the Coastal Heritage Society as a living history museum that offers an immersive experience of 19th-century military life. Visitors can explore the original fort structure, including the casemates, powder magazines, and defensive walls.

Cannon Demonstrations: A highlight of visiting Old Fort Jackson is witnessing the daily cannon firings. Scheduled at 11:00 AM and 2:00 PM, these demonstrations feature one of the oldest operational cannons in the Southeast. The cannon firings provide an authentic sensory experience of the fort’s military past, complete with booming blasts, smoke, and the explanations of historical interpreters.

Interpretive Programs: Knowledgeable guides and reenactors dressed in period military uniforms offer tours and demonstrations that bring the fort’s history to life. They demonstrate 19th-century military drills, explain the roles of soldiers stationed at the fort, and provide detailed accounts of daily life, weaponry, and fort operations during its active years.

Exhibits and Artifacts: Throughout the fort, visitors encounter displays of original and replica military artifacts, including muskets, swords, medical supplies, and provisions used by soldiers. Informational panels and exhibits provide context about the fort’s construction, military significance, and the broader history of coastal defense.

Educational Outreach: The fort is a valuable educational resource for school groups and history enthusiasts, offering programs tailored to deepen understanding of American military history, architecture, and Savannah’s role in national events.

Facilities and Visitor Amenities

Old Fort Jackson is equipped to accommodate visitors comfortably. The site includes free parking, restrooms, a gift shop offering souvenirs and educational materials, and picnic areas for families and groups to enjoy. The location along the scenic Savannah River also provides picturesque views and a tranquil setting for visitors.

Location and Access

Old Fort Jackson is situated at 1 Fort Jackson Road, Savannah, Georgia, conveniently accessible from downtown Savannah via Bay Street and President Street. It is also en route to Tybee Island, making it a popular stop for travelers exploring the Georgia coast.

Admission and Hours

The fort is open daily, typically from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM, with closures on major holidays such as Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s Day. Admission fees are reasonable, with adult tickets priced around $10, and reduced rates for children ages 4 to 12. SNAP EBT cardholders are eligible for free admission with proof of assistance. Group tours are available by appointment, making it an excellent destination for educational field trips and organized visits.

Cultural and Historical Significance

Old Fort Jackson serves not only as a preserved historic site but also as a vibrant educational and cultural landmark. Its survival through multiple conflicts and its architectural integrity make it a tangible link to the early defensive efforts of the United States. The fort’s living history programs enable visitors to engage directly with the past, fostering appreciation for the military heritage of Savannah and the broader story of coastal defense in America.

Through its well-curated exhibits, dynamic demonstrations, and scenic location, Old Fort Jackson remains an essential destination for understanding Savannah’s history from a military perspective, providing deep insight into the challenges and strategies of early American coastal protection.