Saranta Kolones | Paphos

Saranta Kolones is an ancient Roman fortress located in Paphos, Cyprus, and is part of the larger Paphos Archaeological Park. The name "Saranta Kolones," which translates to "Forty Columns", is believed to refer to the ruins of the fortress's structure, which had many columns—though the exact number is uncertain. This fortress played an important role in the history of Roman Cyprus and offers significant insights into the military and architectural practices of the time.

Historical Background

• The Saranta Kolones fortress was likely built during the Byzantine period in the 7th century CE. While some sources suggest it might have been constructed earlier, evidence points to the 7th century due to the architectural style and the time of its abandonment.
• The fortress was built as a defensive structure to protect the city of Paphos from invasions and attacks, particularly from the sea. It was strategically located to watch over the surrounding landscape and the coastline.
• During its active use, the fortress would have played a crucial role in the defense of the region, especially during the turmoil that followed the Arab raids in the 7th century.

Architecture and Layout

• Saranta Kolones is characterized by its large stone foundations and the remnants of columns that once supported its walls. Although much of the structure has been ruined, the layout of the fortress can still be discerned.
• The fortress was constructed with defensive purposes in mind. It would have included:
  • Thick walls to withstand siege attacks.
  • Towers positioned at key points for surveillance and defense.
  • Gates designed for easy access, though fortified to resist attackers.
  • Large courtyards for soldiers and administrative functions.
• The ruins that remain today include several large columns, fragmentary walls, and parts of the basilica and other structures within the fortress complex.

Function and Purpose

• Saranta Kolones was likely used for military and administrative purposes, functioning as a stronghold for soldiers and a place of refuge during times of invasion or conflict. The fortress was strategically located near the coast, which made it important for monitoring any threats coming from the sea.
• Defensive architecture is evident in the design of the fortress, with the use of thick stone walls, watchtowers, and gates. Its purpose was to protect the city of Paphos from invaders, particularly during the time of Byzantine and Arab conflicts in the region.

Archaeological Findings

• Today, the Saranta Kolones site is part of the Paphos Archaeological Park, and visitors can see the remains of the fortress's walls, columns, and other architectural elements.
• Archaeologists have uncovered fragments of the original columns, which likely adorned the outer walls of the fortress. These columns may have been part of a colonnaded portico or used in the construction of entrance gates.
• The fortress's interior once housed various structures, including military quarters and potentially administrative buildings. Some parts of the basilica that was part of the fortress complex can still be seen.

Significance

• Saranta Kolones is an important site for understanding the military architecture of the time, particularly during the Byzantine period. The fortress's defensive structures highlight the strategic concerns of the era, when Cyprus was under threat from various invasions, including Arab attacks.
• The fortress also provides a glimpse into the evolution of Paphos, which was once a major city of the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire. Its ruins serve as a testament to the city's importance as both a religious and military center in antiquity.

Visitor Experience

• Saranta Kolones is open to the public and is part of the larger Paphos Archaeological Park, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Visitors can explore the ruins of the fortress and appreciate its historical significance.
• The fortress site offers a peaceful and scenic location for visitors, who can enjoy views of the surrounding countryside and coastal areas. The remains of the columns and the fortress walls create a dramatic atmosphere, allowing visitors to imagine the structure's former grandeur.
• Informational signs around the site provide additional context, explaining the history and significance of the Saranta Kolones fortress in the context of Roman and Byzantine Cyprus.

Conclusion

Saranta Kolones is an important historical site that provides valuable insights into the military and architectural practices of ancient Cyprus. Though much of the fortress has been destroyed over the centuries, its ruins still offer a glimpse into the defensive strategies of the past. Located in the Paphos Archaeological Park, it is an essential stop for anyone interested in the history of Cyprus, Roman and Byzantine architecture, or military history. Visitors to the site can explore its remains and appreciate its historical significance as a military stronghold protecting the city of Paphos.