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Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka


Information

City: Polonnaruwa
Country: Sri Lanka
Continent: Asia

Polonnaruwa: The Second Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka

Polonnaruwa, located in Sri Lanka’s North Central Province, is a city of immense historical, cultural, and archaeological importance. Serving as the second capital of ancient Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its well-preserved ruins, majestic temples, and advanced irrigation systems.

Geography and Climate

  • Location: Approximately 216 km northeast of Colombo and 122 km from Kandy.
  • Climate: Tropical dry zone climate:
    • Dry Season: April–October.
    • Wet Season: November–January (northeast monsoon).
    • Average temperature: 28–32°C (82–90°F).
  • Landscape: Dominated by flat terrain with ancient reservoirs, greenery, and ruins scattered across the plains.

History

  • Founding: Polonnaruwa became the capital in the 11th century CE after the decline of Anuradhapura due to South Indian invasions.
  • Golden Age: The city flourished under the rule of King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 CE), who ushered in an era of prosperity, creating monumental architecture and advanced irrigation systems.
  • South Indian Influence: Tamil rulers from the Chola Dynasty initially occupied Polonnaruwa, influencing the architectural style before Sinhalese kings regained control.
  • Decline: By the 13th century, Polonnaruwa fell to invasions and internal strife, leading to the capital’s relocation to Dambadeniya.

Key Attractions

Sacred Buddhist Sites

Gal Vihara:

  • A masterpiece of Sinhalese rock carving, featuring four Buddha statues:
    • A seated Buddha.
    • A standing Buddha.
    • A reclining Buddha (14 meters long, depicting Parinirvana).
  • Exemplifies the height of Sri Lankan artistry.

Lankathilaka Image House:

  • A massive brick structure housing a colossal standing Buddha statue.
  • Known for its intricate carvings and towering walls.

Rankoth Vehera:

  • The largest stupa in Polonnaruwa, standing 55 meters tall.
  • Built in the style of Anuradhapura stupas.

Thuparama Image House:

  • A well-preserved brick shrine containing statues and relics.

Vatadage:

  • A circular relic house with intricate stone carvings, believed to have housed the Sacred Tooth Relic.
  • Features a central stupa surrounded by seated Buddha statues.

Royal Complex

Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu:

  • A grand seven-story structure (now partially in ruins) with intricate stonework.
  • Believed to have served as the king’s residence and administrative center.

Council Chamber:

  • A stone structure with beautifully carved columns, used for royal assemblies.

Irrigation Marvels

Parakrama Samudraya:

  • A massive reservoir constructed by King Parakramabahu I, covering 2,500 hectares.
  • Known as the "Sea of Parakrama," it was an engineering marvel that sustained agriculture and water management.

Yodha Ela:

  • An ancient canal system that distributed water from the reservoir to farmlands.

Other Notable Sites

Shiva Devale No. 2:

  • A 10th-century Hindu temple built during Chola rule, dedicated to Lord Shiva.
  • Made entirely of stone, showcasing Tamil architectural influence.

Kiri Vehera:

  • A pristine white stupa believed to have been built by Queen Subhadra, King Parakramabahu's consort.

Potgul Vehera:

  • An ancient library and meditation hall, likely used by monks for studying scriptures.

Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond):

  • A unique lotus-shaped stone bath used for religious rituals.

Cultural Significance

  • Polonnaruwa represents the zenith of Sri Lankan medieval culture, blending Sinhalese and Tamil architectural styles.
  • It was a center of Buddhist learning, attracting monks and scholars from across Asia.
  • The city’s efficient irrigation systems underscore the advanced engineering knowledge of ancient Sri Lankans.

Tourist Activities

  1. Cycling Tours:
    • The vast archaeological park is best explored by bicycle.
  2. Guided Walks:
    • Learn about the historical and cultural context of the ruins from expert guides.
  3. Birdwatching:
    • The Parakrama Samudraya and surrounding areas are rich in birdlife.
  4. Photography:
    • Capture the beauty of ancient structures, statues, and scenic landscapes.

Transportation

  • Getting There:
    • From Colombo: Approximately 5–6 hours by car or bus.
    • From Dambulla/Sigiriya: A 1–1.5-hour drive.
  • Getting Around:
    • Bicycles are the most popular mode of transport for tourists.
    • Tuk-tuks and private vehicles are also available.

Best Time to Visit

  • Dry Season (April–October): Ideal for outdoor exploration.
  • Visit early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat.

Nearby Attractions

  1. Minneriya National Park:
    • Famous for the annual "Elephant Gathering."
  2. Kaudulla National Park:
    • A great place for wildlife safaris.
  3. Dambulla Cave Temple:
    • A UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring ancient Buddhist murals and statues.

Challenges

  • Conservation: Balancing tourism with the preservation of ancient structures.
  • Climate: High temperatures can make outdoor exploration challenging during midday.

Interesting Facts

  1. Polonnaruwa was featured in the music video for the song "Save a Prayer" by Duran Duran in the 1980s.
  2. The Gal Vihara statues are carved from a single granite rock.
  3. The city’s irrigation system is still studied by engineers for its advanced design.

Polonnaruwa is a fascinating destination that offers a deep dive into Sri Lanka’s rich history and architectural brilliance.


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Landmarks in Polonnaruwa

Maduru Oya National Park
Landmark

Maduru Oya National Park

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Gal Vihara
Landmark

Gal Vihara

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Parakrama Samudraya
Landmark

Parakrama Samudraya

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Lankathilaka Image House
Landmark

Lankathilaka Image House

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Rankoth Vehera
Landmark

Rankoth Vehera

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Hatadage
Landmark

Hatadage

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya
Landmark

Nissanka Latha Mandapaya

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Vatadage
Landmark

Vatadage

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Shiva Devale
Landmark

Shiva Devale

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond)
Landmark

Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond)

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka
Archaeological Museum
Landmark

Archaeological Museum

Polonnaruwa | Sri Lanka

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