Information
City: PolonnaruwaCountry: Sri Lanka
Continent: Asia
Polonnaruwa: The Second Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka
Polonnaruwa, located in Sri Lanka’s North Central Province, is a city of immense historical, cultural, and archaeological importance. Serving as the second capital of ancient Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its well-preserved ruins, majestic temples, and advanced irrigation systems.
Geography and Climate
- Location: Approximately 216 km northeast of Colombo and 122 km from Kandy.
- Climate: Tropical dry zone climate:
- Dry Season: April–October.
- Wet Season: November–January (northeast monsoon).
- Average temperature: 28–32°C (82–90°F).
- Landscape: Dominated by flat terrain with ancient reservoirs, greenery, and ruins scattered across the plains.
History
- Founding: Polonnaruwa became the capital in the 11th century CE after the decline of Anuradhapura due to South Indian invasions.
- Golden Age: The city flourished under the rule of King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 CE), who ushered in an era of prosperity, creating monumental architecture and advanced irrigation systems.
- South Indian Influence: Tamil rulers from the Chola Dynasty initially occupied Polonnaruwa, influencing the architectural style before Sinhalese kings regained control.
- Decline: By the 13th century, Polonnaruwa fell to invasions and internal strife, leading to the capital’s relocation to Dambadeniya.
Key Attractions
Sacred Buddhist Sites
Gal Vihara:
- A masterpiece of Sinhalese rock carving, featuring four Buddha statues:
- A seated Buddha.
- A standing Buddha.
- A reclining Buddha (14 meters long, depicting Parinirvana).
- Exemplifies the height of Sri Lankan artistry.
Lankathilaka Image House:
- A massive brick structure housing a colossal standing Buddha statue.
- Known for its intricate carvings and towering walls.
Rankoth Vehera:
- The largest stupa in Polonnaruwa, standing 55 meters tall.
- Built in the style of Anuradhapura stupas.
Thuparama Image House:
- A well-preserved brick shrine containing statues and relics.
Vatadage:
- A circular relic house with intricate stone carvings, believed to have housed the Sacred Tooth Relic.
- Features a central stupa surrounded by seated Buddha statues.
Royal Complex
Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu:
- A grand seven-story structure (now partially in ruins) with intricate stonework.
- Believed to have served as the king’s residence and administrative center.
Council Chamber:
- A stone structure with beautifully carved columns, used for royal assemblies.
Irrigation Marvels
Parakrama Samudraya:
- A massive reservoir constructed by King Parakramabahu I, covering 2,500 hectares.
- Known as the "Sea of Parakrama," it was an engineering marvel that sustained agriculture and water management.
Yodha Ela:
- An ancient canal system that distributed water from the reservoir to farmlands.
Other Notable Sites
Shiva Devale No. 2:
- A 10th-century Hindu temple built during Chola rule, dedicated to Lord Shiva.
- Made entirely of stone, showcasing Tamil architectural influence.
Kiri Vehera:
- A pristine white stupa believed to have been built by Queen Subhadra, King Parakramabahu's consort.
Potgul Vehera:
- An ancient library and meditation hall, likely used by monks for studying scriptures.
Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond):
- A unique lotus-shaped stone bath used for religious rituals.
Cultural Significance
- Polonnaruwa represents the zenith of Sri Lankan medieval culture, blending Sinhalese and Tamil architectural styles.
- It was a center of Buddhist learning, attracting monks and scholars from across Asia.
- The city’s efficient irrigation systems underscore the advanced engineering knowledge of ancient Sri Lankans.
Tourist Activities
- Cycling Tours:
- The vast archaeological park is best explored by bicycle.
- Guided Walks:
- Learn about the historical and cultural context of the ruins from expert guides.
- Birdwatching:
- The Parakrama Samudraya and surrounding areas are rich in birdlife.
- Photography:
- Capture the beauty of ancient structures, statues, and scenic landscapes.
Transportation
- Getting There:
- From Colombo: Approximately 5–6 hours by car or bus.
- From Dambulla/Sigiriya: A 1–1.5-hour drive.
- Getting Around:
- Bicycles are the most popular mode of transport for tourists.
- Tuk-tuks and private vehicles are also available.
Best Time to Visit
- Dry Season (April–October): Ideal for outdoor exploration.
- Visit early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat.
Nearby Attractions
- Minneriya National Park:
- Famous for the annual "Elephant Gathering."
- Kaudulla National Park:
- A great place for wildlife safaris.
- Dambulla Cave Temple:
- A UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring ancient Buddhist murals and statues.
Challenges
- Conservation: Balancing tourism with the preservation of ancient structures.
- Climate: High temperatures can make outdoor exploration challenging during midday.
Interesting Facts
- Polonnaruwa was featured in the music video for the song "Save a Prayer" by Duran Duran in the 1980s.
- The Gal Vihara statues are carved from a single granite rock.
- The city’s irrigation system is still studied by engineers for its advanced design.
Polonnaruwa is a fascinating destination that offers a deep dive into Sri Lanka’s rich history and architectural brilliance.