Parakrama Samudraya | Polonnaruwa

Parakrama Samudraya, Sri Lanka

Parakrama Samudraya is an ancient reservoir (tank) located in Polonnaruwa, in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. It is one of the largest and most impressive irrigation projects from the reign of King Parakramabahu I (r. 1153–1186 CE), who is often hailed as one of the greatest kings of ancient Sri Lanka. The reservoir is a marvel of engineering, water management, and hydraulic technology, reflecting the advanced knowledge and skills of the ancient Sri Lankan civilization.

Overview

• Name: Parakrama Samudraya (also known as Parakrama Sea or Sea of Parakrama)
• Location: Polonnaruwa, North Central Province, Sri Lanka
• Date: Constructed during the reign of King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century (around 1200 CE)
• Type: Reservoir, Irrigation Tank
• Purpose: Irrigation, Agriculture, Water Supply

Historical and Cultural Significance

King Parakramabahu I’s Vision:

• Parakrama Samudraya was built by King Parakramabahu I as part of his ambitious plan to control water resources and improve agricultural productivity across Sri Lanka. The king is famous for his efforts to develop a sophisticated system of irrigation and water management, and Parakrama Samudraya was the centerpiece of his vision.
• The king famously proclaimed, "Not even a drop of water that falls on the ground should be allowed to go to waste," which reflects his commitment to maximizing the use of water for agriculture, a critical aspect of the island's economy at the time.

Scale and Engineering:

• Parakrama Samudraya is one of the largest and oldest man-made reservoirs in Sri Lanka, spanning an area of approximately 250 hectares (620 acres). The tank is designed to collect and store large amounts of water during the monsoon season, which can then be used for irrigation throughout the dry season, benefiting local agriculture and farming communities.
• The reservoir is an engineering marvel, created by constructing an embankment across the Amban Ganga River. The water is held back by a series of sluice gates and canals that distribute it to various regions for irrigation.

Hydraulic and Agricultural Importance:

• The reservoir is a vital component of the ancient irrigation system that helped support agriculture in Sri Lanka, particularly rice cultivation, which was a cornerstone of the economy.
• Parakrama Samudraya helped increase agricultural yields, reduce dependency on seasonal rainfall, and regulate water distribution to ensure that crops received a consistent water supply. This sophisticated system helped the kingdom maintain agricultural productivity and sustain its population.

Key Features and Attractions

The Reservoir:

• Parakrama Samudraya covers a vast area, and its central body of water, often referred to as the “Sea of Parakrama”, stretches across the landscape. The sight of the expansive reservoir against the backdrop of lush greenery is breathtaking, making it a popular spot for visitors seeking a tranquil and scenic setting.

Embankment and Dams:

• The embankment that holds the water in Parakrama Samudraya is an impressive feat of ancient engineering. It was carefully constructed using stone, earth, and clay to ensure the integrity of the reservoir over time. The embankment is several kilometers long, and it supports the entire system of water management.
• The sluice gates, which control the release and distribution of water, are carefully designed and positioned around the tank. These gates allow water to flow into canals, which then feed smaller irrigation channels leading to agricultural fields.

The Surrounding Landscape:

• The reservoir is surrounded by lush greenery and forests, creating a serene and peaceful environment. The area is home to a variety of wildlife, including birds, aquatic life, and even elephants, which sometimes visit the area. This makes Parakrama Samudraya a great spot for nature lovers and those interested in birdwatching and photography.

Religious and Cultural Importance:

• The area around Parakrama Samudraya is also home to several Buddhist temples and monasteries, adding a spiritual dimension to the site. Many of these temples date back to the Polonnaruwa period and provide insight into the religious and cultural practices of ancient Sri Lanka.
• The presence of stupas, Buddha statues, and ancient inscriptions near the reservoir highlights the connection between the irrigation systems and Buddhist practices, as many of the royal irrigation projects were carried out under the auspices of the Buddhist monarchy.

Visitor Experience

Boating and Scenic Views:

• One of the most popular activities for visitors to Parakrama Samudraya is boating on the reservoir. The calm waters of the tank provide a relaxing experience as visitors can take boat rides and enjoy the scenic views of the surrounding landscape and wildlife.
• The views from the embankment and surrounding areas are stunning, especially at sunrise and sunset, when the sky and water are illuminated in a beautiful array of colors.

Educational and Historical Insights:

• Visitors to Parakrama Samudraya can learn about the engineering and hydraulic systems that were used to construct and maintain the reservoir. Information boards and guides explain the history of King Parakramabahu I’s reign, his commitment to irrigation, and the scientific principles behind the reservoir's construction.
• The site provides valuable insight into the sophistication of ancient Sri Lankan civil engineering, showcasing how the kingdom’s rulers utilized water resources to sustain and enrich their society.

Cultural and Spiritual Experiences:

• As an area with historical significance, the vicinity of Parakrama Samudraya offers opportunities to visit nearby Buddhist temples and monuments, many of which are associated with the reign of King Parakramabahu I. This gives visitors a deeper connection to the cultural and religious heritage of the region.

Wildlife and Nature:

• The tank is surrounded by natural beauty, making it a great place for nature enthusiasts. Visitors can enjoy birdwatching, explore nearby wildlife reserves, or simply relax and enjoy the peaceful atmosphere created by the surrounding forests and vegetation.

Conclusion

Parakrama Samudraya is an extraordinary historical and cultural site that reflects the genius of King Parakramabahu I and the advanced engineering skills of ancient Sri Lanka. The vast reservoir, which continues to provide irrigation and support agriculture in the region, stands as a symbol of the island’s rich heritage of water management. For visitors, the site offers not only a glimpse into Sri Lanka’s historical ingenuity but also a chance to enjoy its natural beauty, spiritual significance, and tranquility. Whether you are interested in history, culture, nature, or simply a peaceful retreat, Parakrama Samudraya is a must-visit destination in Sri Lanka.