Round Church (Rundkirke) | Bornholm

The Round Churches (Rundkirker) of Bornholm are unique architectural and historical landmarks, with only four remaining on the island. These medieval structures, built during the 12th and 13th centuries, are among Denmark's most iconic examples of fortified churches. They served dual purposes: as places of worship and as defensive strongholds during turbulent times.

The Four Round Churches of Bornholm

Østerlars Round Church:

• Location: Near the village of Østerlars, east-central Bornholm.
• Size: The largest and most famous of the round churches.
• Architectural Features:
  • Three levels, with the upper two originally used for defense.
  • A massive central pillar supports the roof, with frescoes dating back to the 14th century, depicting Biblical scenes.
  • Arrow slits and thick stone walls indicate its defensive function.
• History:
  • Built around 1150, it reflects Romanesque architectural styles.
  • The church's design symbolizes strength and faith, with later modifications to enhance its utility.

Nyker Round Church:

• Location: Near the village of Nyker, northwest of Rønne.
• Size: The smallest of the four round churches.
• Architectural Features:
  • Simpler design, but it retains its charm with well-preserved frescoes from the 13th century.
  • A modest, peaceful interior.
• History:
  • Built in circa 1150 and primarily served as a community church.
  • Despite its smaller size, it showcases Bornholm’s architectural heritage.

Nylars Round Church:

• Location: Near Nylars village, southwest of Rønne.
• Architectural Features:
  • Known for its well-preserved frescoes, especially the one depicting the story of creation.
  • Features a distinctive cone-shaped roof.
• History:
  • Built around 1160, it has a smaller defensive upper story compared to Østerlars.
  • It is renowned for its tranquility and artistic frescoes.

Olsker Round Church:

• Location: Near Olsker, north of Rønne.
• Architectural Features:
  • The tallest of the round churches, standing out for its imposing height and elegance.
  • It has a tapered design with a striking white exterior.
• History:
  • Constructed in circa 1150, it served as a beacon of both spiritual and physical protection.
  • The church has undergone several renovations but remains true to its original design.

Key Characteristics of Round Churches

Dual Purpose:

• They were designed not just for religious purposes but also as fortifications against pirates and invaders, such as the Wends in the medieval period.
• Upper levels were used for storing supplies and housing defenders during sieges.

Architectural Style:

• Romanesque design with thick stone walls, circular layouts, and minimal windows to ensure defensibility.
• Central pillars in Østerlars and Nylars act as architectural and symbolic focal points.

Frescoes:

• The interior frescoes, especially those in Østerlars and Nylars, are significant examples of medieval religious art. They illustrate Biblical stories, saints, and religious symbolism.

Symbolism:

• The round design may symbolize eternity or unity in faith. It also aligns with European traditions of round churches linked to the Knights Templar, though this connection remains speculative for Bornholm's churches.

Visiting the Round Churches

Accessibility:

• The churches are accessible by car or bicycle, with ample parking nearby.
• Public transportation also connects them to Bornholm’s main towns.

Best Time to Visit:

• Summer (June to August) offers ideal weather, with additional cultural events and activities often hosted in the churches.

Entry Fees:

• Most round churches require a small entry fee, which supports their preservation.

Guided Tours:

• Guided tours are available and provide deeper insights into the churches’ history, architecture, and artistic elements.

Nearby Attractions

Østerlars Church:

• Located near the Bornholm Art Museum and the Helligdomsklipperne (Sanctuary Cliffs), making it part of a rich cultural itinerary.

Cycling Routes:

• The round churches are connected by scenic cycling routes that wind through Bornholm’s picturesque countryside.

Bornholm’s History Museum:

• Offers additional context about the churches’ role in Bornholm’s medieval history.

Why Visit the Round Churches?

The round churches of Bornholm are architectural and historical treasures, blending faith, art, and defense into unique structures. They stand as enduring symbols of the island’s resilience and cultural heritage, offering visitors an inspiring and educational journey through Denmark’s medieval past.