Basilica di San Lorenzo | Florence

The Basilica di San Lorenzo is one of the oldest and most significant churches in Florence, Italy. It is renowned for its close association with the Medici family, who were influential patrons of the basilica, and for its architectural importance as a prime example of Renaissance design. The Basilica di San Lorenzo is also noted for its elaborate chapels, beautiful frescoes, and as the final resting place for several members of the Medici family.

1. Historical Background

Early Origins: The original church on the site dates back to 393 AD, making San Lorenzo one of the oldest Christian churches in Florence. It served as the city's cathedral until Santa Reparata (now beneath the Florence Cathedral) took over the title. The basilica has been rebuilt and expanded multiple times, with the current structure dating primarily from the 15th century.

Medici Patronage: The Medici family adopted San Lorenzo as their parish church, and over time, they invested heavily in its construction and decoration. In 1419, Cosimo de' Medici the Elder commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi, the great Renaissance architect, to design a new basilica. The Medici saw San Lorenzo as their spiritual and familial center, making it a significant part of their legacy in Florence.

2. Architectural Highlights

Brunelleschi’s Renaissance Design: The church is one of the first examples of Renaissance architecture in Florence. Brunelleschi created a design focused on symmetry, balance, and proportion, using simple geometric shapes and classical elements like columns and arches. The use of grey stone (pietra serena) against white walls creates a distinct contrast, emphasizing the clean lines and harmony of the interior.

Façade: The basilica’s exterior façade remains unfinished, a unique feature considering its importance. Michelangelo was commissioned to design a façade in the early 16th century, but the plan was never realized, leaving the rough brick exterior that is still visible today. The unfinished façade contrasts with the grandiose interior, creating an interesting architectural juxtaposition.

The Old Sacristy: The Old Sacristy (Sagrestia Vecchia) was designed by Brunelleschi and is one of the highlights of the basilica. This chapel, completed in 1428, features geometric shapes, harmonious proportions, and is adorned with frescoes and stucco reliefs by Donatello. The Medici family tombs in this space, including those of Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici (the founder of the Medici Bank), make it a significant historical and artistic site.

The New Sacristy: Michelangelo designed the New Sacristy (Sagrestia Nuova) in the 1520s as an extension of the Old Sacristy. This section is also known as the Medici Chapels, containing monumental tombs of prominent Medici family members, including Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano de' Medici. Michelangelo sculpted the famous statues “Dawn” and “Dusk” and “Night” and “Day” as allegories of time for the tombs, showcasing his skill in marble sculpting.

3. Interior Art and Decorations

Nave and Aisles: The basilica’s interior is spacious and elegantly simple, following Brunelleschi’s design. The nave is flanked by two side aisles with Corinthian columns supporting rounded arches. The spaciousness and use of light create an inviting and serene atmosphere, with natural light entering through the large windows, illuminating the grey stone and white walls.

Frescoes and Paintings: The basilica is home to numerous Renaissance artworks, including frescoes and paintings by artists such as Bronzino and Pontormo. The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence by Bronzino, a dramatic depiction located in the Martelli Chapel, is a highlight.

The High Altar: The altar area is decorated with an elaborate altarpiece and statues. Desiderio da Settignano is credited with creating the pulpit, and the high altar itself is a striking focal point for the nave, adding to the basilica’s majestic appearance.

4. Medici Chapels

The Medici Chapels (Cappelle Medicee) are among the most famous sections of San Lorenzo. They consist of two main parts:

The Chapel of the Princes: A grand mausoleum built for the grand dukes of the Medici family. The chapel is known for its opulent decoration, featuring marble inlay, semiprecious stones, and colored marble. The dome of the chapel was designed to reflect the Medici's power and prestige, and it is an elaborate example of Baroque style in Florence.

The New Sacristy: Designed by Michelangelo, this space houses some of his most famous sculptures, created as part of the tombs for members of the Medici family. The tombs of Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours are adorned with Michelangelo’s statues depicting allegorical figures like Night and Day.

5. Treasures and Relics

San Lorenzo holds a number of significant relics and religious treasures. Over the centuries, the Medici and other patrons donated objects of art, relics, and jewels to the church. Some items are displayed in the Treasury of San Lorenzo, which is open to the public and provides insight into the history of Christian art in Florence.

6. Notable Burials

The basilica serves as the final resting place for many members of the Medici family, including:

• Cosimo de' Medici the Elder: Founder of the Medici dynasty, buried in a tomb designed by Verrocchio.
• Lorenzo the Magnificent: The powerful and influential ruler of Florence, known for his patronage of the arts.
• Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici: The patriarch of the Medici family, whose tomb is located in the Old Sacristy.

The Medici Chapels and the tombs within the basilica stand as testaments to the Medici family's legacy and influence on Florence's history, politics, and culture.

7. Visitor Information

• Location: The Basilica di San Lorenzo is located in the San Lorenzo district in Florence, near the Mercato Centrale (Central Market).
• Hours and Admission: The basilica and its chapels are open to the public, though specific sections, such as the Medici Chapels, may require a separate ticket.
• Guided Tours: Many visitors opt for a guided tour to better appreciate the historical and artistic details of the basilica, especially the contributions of Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Michelangelo.

8. Conclusion

The Basilica di San Lorenzo is an essential destination for anyone interested in Renaissance architecture, art history, and the legacy of the Medici family. Its elegant design, historic chapels, and magnificent works of art provide a comprehensive look at Florence’s artistic heritage and the city’s role as a cradle of the Renaissance. From Brunelleschi’s architectural genius to Michelangelo’s sculptural masterpieces, San Lorenzo remains a jewel of Florentine history and a testament to the Medici’s lasting influence on art and culture.