Information
Landmark: Capelinhos VolcanoCity: Azores
Country: Portugal
Continent: Europe
The Capelinhos Volcano, located on Faial Island in the Azores, is a remarkable natural site known for its dramatic volcanic landscape, historical significance, and unique geological features. This relatively young volcano emerged from the Atlantic Ocean during an eruption that lasted from 1957 to 1958, extending the island's western coastline and creating a barren, lunar-like landscape that stands in stark contrast to the lush green surroundings typical of the Azores.
1. Formation and Eruption
- The Eruption: The Capelinhos eruption began on September 27, 1957, and continued until October 24, 1958, lasting for over a year. The eruption initially took place underwater off the coast of Faial and gradually built a new volcanic island. Over time, the new landmass connected to the main island, expanding Faial’s coastline.
- Phases of Eruption: The eruption occurred in several phases, starting with explosive underwater eruptions due to interactions between magma and seawater, leading to steam and ash clouds. As volcanic activity transitioned to a more effusive phase, lava flows covered the area, adding layers of landmass. By the end of the eruption, about 2.4 square kilometers of new land had formed.
- Volcanic Ash and Pumice: The eruptions released a significant amount of volcanic ash and pumice, covering nearby villages and agricultural lands. Many homes were buried or damaged, and hundreds of families were displaced.
2. Landscape and Geology
- Lunar Landscape: The volcanic landscape around Capelinhos is stark, barren, and otherworldly, often compared to the surface of the moon. Ash and pumice from the eruption still cover much of the ground, creating a desert-like environment that contrasts sharply with the lush, green hills of Faial.
- Volcanic Craters and Ridges: The eruption left behind a series of volcanic craters, ridges, and lava formations. These features showcase various volcanic processes and are particularly interesting for geologists studying the interaction between land and sea in volcanic environments.
- Subsidence and Erosion: Since the eruption, erosion from wind and waves has slowly worn away parts of the new land, and some of it has been reclaimed by the ocean. However, a significant portion remains intact, with ongoing preservation efforts in place.
3. Capelinhos Volcano Interpretation Center
- Educational Facility: The Capelinhos Volcano Interpretation Center is located next to the old Capelinhos Lighthouse, which was partially buried by volcanic ash during the eruption. Opened in 2008, the center offers interactive exhibits and information on the eruption, geology, and volcanic activity in the Azores.
- Geological Displays: The center has detailed exhibits on the formation of volcanic islands, plate tectonics, and the specific geological history of the Capelinhos eruption. Visitors can explore models, videos, and diagrams that explain the eruption and its impact.
- Lighthouse Observation Point: The old lighthouse, now part of the Interpretation Center, was partially preserved as a historical monument. Its upper levels were left intact and now serve as an observation point, offering panoramic views of the volcanic landscape and the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Environmental and Social Impact
- Destruction of Villages: The eruption caused significant damage to surrounding villages and agricultural lands. Ash and lava destroyed homes and fields, forcing many residents to abandon their land. Over 2,000 residents were displaced, and many emigrated to North America, particularly to the United States, where aid programs facilitated resettlement.
- Emigration and Recovery: The U.S. Azorean Refugee Act of 1958 was passed in response to the displacement, allowing many affected families to relocate to the United States. This event significantly impacted Faial's demographics, as many of the displaced families never returned.
- Ecological Regeneration: Although the Capelinhos area is still barren, small signs of ecological regeneration have started to appear. Pioneer plant species, including certain hardy grasses and mosses, are beginning to reclaim the volcanic terrain.
5. Visitor Experience and Activities
- Hiking: The Capelinhos area has several hiking trails that allow visitors to explore the volcanic landscape, with paths leading to the top of craters and ridges. Hiking here is unique, offering insights into volcanic formations and panoramic views over Faial and the Atlantic.
- Photography: The area is a popular site for photographers due to its unique lighting, stark terrain, and dramatic scenery. The contrasts between the volcanic ash and the ocean create striking visuals.
- Interpretive Tours: Guided tours are available, often led by local experts who provide insights into the geological significance of the eruption and its impact on Faial’s people.
6. Scientific and Cultural Significance
- Geological Interest: Capelinhos is an important site for geologists studying volcanic island formation, particularly the interaction between underwater eruptions and landmass creation. It is also a natural laboratory for studying how ecosystems begin to develop on barren volcanic soil.
- Cultural Memory: The Capelinhos eruption is an essential part of Faial’s history and collective memory. The emigration wave it spurred had lasting social effects on the island and created a strong connection between the Azorean community in the U.S. and the people of Faial.
7. Best Time to Visit
- Spring to Early Fall (April to October): These months offer mild weather, clear skies, and favorable conditions for hiking and exploring the volcanic landscape. The views from the lighthouse observation point are particularly striking on clear days.
- Winter: While winter brings cooler temperatures and more rain, it can also offer quieter visits with fewer tourists, allowing for a more solitary experience of this powerful natural site.
Capelinhos Volcano remains a testament to the dynamic forces that shape the Azores. It is a striking example of the interplay between natural power and human resilience, blending scientific interest, cultural memory, and breathtaking scenery that continues to draw and captivate visitors.