Tulum Ruins | Cancun

Tulum Ruins is one of Mexico’s most iconic and visually stunning archaeological sites. Located on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Tulum was a major port city of the Maya civilization and is known for its well-preserved structures and breathtaking location overlooking the turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea. Unlike other major Maya ruins, Tulum is unique because of its proximity to the coast and its role as a seaside fortress.

Historical Significance of Tulum

A Flourishing Port City:

Tulum was a significant Maya trading port between the 13th and 15th centuries, although the city itself existed long before that, possibly as early as the 6th century CE. Its strategic coastal location allowed it to control important trade routes along the coast, including the exchange of salt, obsidian, cotton, turquoise, and other valuable goods.

The city was especially important after the fall of Chichen Itzá and the decline of other major centers of the Maya civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is thought that the city flourished during the Postclassic period (900-1500 CE), around the time of the Mayan Revival in the Maya lowlands.

The Role of Tulum as a Fortress:

Tulum was built as a fortified city, with walls on three sides protecting it from invaders. The fourth side of the city faces the sea, providing natural defense from any threats coming from the ocean.

The walls of Tulum, which enclose an area of about 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) in length, are well-preserved and are an essential part of the site. The walls helped protect the city from pirates and invaders during the later stages of the Maya civilization, as well as providing an important symbolic defense against enemies.

Post-Colonial Importance:

Tulum continued to be inhabited long after the Spanish arrived in the Americas. In fact, Tulum was one of the last Maya cities to fall to the Spanish. It remained a small Maya settlement well into the 16th century, long after most of the other cities in the region had been abandoned or conquered.

Key Structures and Features

El Castillo (The Castle):

The most famous structure in Tulum is El Castillo, also known as the Castle. This is a large, rectangular pyramid located at the edge of the cliffs, offering stunning views of the Caribbean Sea. El Castillo likely served as a lighthouse or navigational beacon, guiding trade ships along the coast.

The building is particularly important for its role in Mayan astronomy. The temple on top of El Castillo is oriented to the equinox, and during the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow on the pyramid that resembles a serpent, symbolizing the descent of the feathered serpent god Kukulkán, similar to the phenomenon at Chichen Itzá.

The Temple of the Seven Turtles:

Another well-known structure in Tulum is the Temple of the Seven Turtles. This temple gets its name from the seven turtle carvings found at the base of the building. The turtle is an important symbol in Mayan mythology, representing longevity, wisdom, and the underworld.

The temple sits at the southern end of the site and offers an impressive view of the sea, further emphasizing the close connection between Tulum’s people and the ocean.

The Wall and the Gate:

Tulum's walls are perhaps the most defining feature of the site. The city is enclosed by walls on three sides, with only the sea side left open for trade and access. The main gate, known as the "Puerta", is the most prominent entrance into the ruins. This structure is located on the western side of the site and was once used to control access to the city.

The walls were primarily built for defense and are made of limestone, with some sections still standing up to 5 meters (16 feet) tall. They enclose a total area of about 400 meters (1,300 feet) long and 250 meters (820 feet) wide.

The Temple of the Winds:

Located on a cliffside, the Temple of the Winds is another important structure in Tulum. This temple likely held significance in Mayan astronomy and was used to observe the horizon. It is named for the constant breezes that sweep through the site, particularly at the temple’s location.

The Group of the Thousand Columns:

This is an area of Tulum that features numerous columns arranged around a central plaza. It is thought that this area may have served as an administrative or ceremonial space. The columns are relatively well-preserved and provide a glimpse into the architectural style of the period.

The Temple of the Descending God:

One of the most striking structures in Tulum is the Temple of the Descending God, so named because of the depiction of a figure on the temple's façade that appears to be descending from the sky. This is an image of a Mayan god often associated with the Sun or Venus, and it’s a fascinating example of the iconography used by the Maya.

Unique Aspects of Tulum

Beautiful Coastal Setting:

One of the most remarkable aspects of Tulum is its location. The ruins are set against the stunning backdrop of the Caribbean Sea, offering spectacular views from the cliffside. This location makes it one of the most photogenic Mayan sites and an excellent spot for visitors to combine history and natural beauty.

The beach below the ruins is open to the public, and visitors can swim in the crystal-clear waters after exploring the archaeological site. The combination of historical significance and breathtaking natural surroundings makes Tulum a unique destination.

Smaller and More Accessible:

Compared to other larger Mayan sites like Chichen Itzá, Tulum is smaller and more manageable, making it ideal for those with limited time or for travelers who prefer a less crowded experience. It’s easy to explore the ruins in a few hours, which makes it a popular day-trip destination for those staying in nearby towns like Cancún, Playa del Carmen, or Cozumel.

Eco-Tourism and Sustainable Development:

Tulum has become a popular eco-tourism destination, with a growing emphasis on sustainable travel. The area surrounding the ruins features eco-friendly resorts and boutique hotels, often designed to blend into the natural environment.

The beaches and nature reserves around Tulum are also important for wildlife conservation, including efforts to protect sea turtles and coral reefs in the area.

Visiting Tulum

Location and Accessibility:

Tulum is located approximately 130 kilometers (81 miles) south of Cancún and about 45 minutes from Playa del Carmen by car. It is easily accessible by bus, taxi, or private car, and it makes for a popular day trip from both cities.

The ruins are open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM, with the best time to visit being early in the morning to avoid crowds and the heat.

What to Bring:

When visiting Tulum, it’s important to bring comfortable shoes for walking, as the site covers a large area. Sunscreen, a hat, and plenty of water are also essential, as the site can get hot, especially in the afternoon.

Don’t forget a swimsuit if you plan on taking a dip in the Caribbean Sea after exploring the ruins.

Nearby Attractions:

Cenote Dos Ojos: One of the most famous cenotes in the region, perfect for swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving.

Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve: A UNESCO-listed nature reserve that’s home to diverse wildlife, mangroves, and beaches, offering eco-tourism experiences like bird-watching and boat tours.

Coba: A larger Maya archaeological site located about an hour from Tulum, known for its tallest pyramid in the Yucatán Peninsula, which visitors can still climb.

Conclusion

Tulum Ruins is a unique blend of ancient history and natural beauty, offering visitors a chance to explore an important Mayan site while enjoying spectacular views of the Caribbean coastline. With its well-preserved structures, beautiful setting, and fascinating history, Tulum is a must-visit for anyone traveling to the Yucatán Peninsula. Whether you’re interested in archaeology, beach activities, or eco-tourism, Tulum has something to offer for everyone.