Fort McHenry | Baltimore

Fort McHenry, located in Baltimore, Maryland, is a historic coastal fortress best known for its pivotal role in the War of 1812, particularly during the Battle of Baltimore in 1814. It is celebrated as the birthplace of the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," written by Francis Scott Key.

Historical Background

Fort McHenry was originally constructed between 1798 and 1800 as part of a series of coastal defenses established by the United States to protect important ports from foreign naval attacks. Positioned strategically at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor, the fort guarded the vital maritime access point to the city and its shipyards.

During the War of 1812, British forces sought to capture Baltimore, a major port and privateering center. From September 13 to 14, 1814, British naval vessels bombarded Fort McHenry in a 25-hour artillery assault, intending to force its surrender and open the way for a land invasion.

The Battle of Baltimore

The fort's defense was critical in repelling the British attack. Despite heavy bombardment, Fort McHenry’s walls and garrison held firm, preventing the British fleet from entering the harbor. Observing the bombardment from a nearby ship, Francis Scott Key was inspired by the sight of the large American flag still flying above the fort at dawn, symbolizing resilience and victory.

This moment led him to write the poem "Defence of Fort M’Henry," which was later set to music and became the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Structure and Features

Fort McHenry is a pentagonal-shaped star fort built primarily of earthworks and brick. Its design reflects 18th-century military engineering focused on maximizing defense and artillery coverage. Key features include:

Bastions and Ramparts: Providing strategic points for cannons and troop defense.

Moat and Ditches: Added obstacles against enemy land assaults.

Barracks and Magazines: Facilities for soldiers and ammunition storage.

Flagpole: Originally erected to fly the large American flag visible to all during the battle.

The fort was modernized over the 19th century, adapting to changing military technologies but retained its historic core.

Fort McHenry Today

Fort McHenry is now a National Monument and Historic Shrine, managed by the National Park Service. It operates as a museum and educational site, open to the public year-round. Visitors can explore:

Restored fortifications and defensive structures.

Exhibits on the War of 1812, Baltimore’s maritime history, and the anthem’s origins.

Period reenactments and ranger-led programs that illustrate military life during the early 19th century.

The large American flag flying above the fort, a symbolic and iconic feature.

The site hosts special events commemorating the Battle of Baltimore and American patriotism.

Significance

Fort McHenry symbolizes American resilience, patriotism, and the defense of freedom. Its role in inspiring the national anthem cements its place in U.S. cultural and historical identity. The fort stands not only as a military landmark but also as a monument to national pride and heritage.

Location and Access

The fort is situated on a small peninsula on the north side of the Patapsco River’s entrance to Baltimore Harbor. It is accessible by car and public transit from downtown Baltimore and features visitor facilities including a visitor center, gift shop, and picnic areas.

Fort McHenry remains a must-visit destination for those interested in American history, military heritage, and the origins of the national anthem.